Taurine

• CAS: 107-35-7
• Catalog Number: ACM107357-5
• Category: Main Products
• Molecular Weight: 125.15
• Molecular Formula: C2H7NO3S
• Description: Taurine is an organic acid found in animal tissues and is a major constituent of bile. Taurine has many biological roles such as conjugation of bile acids, antioxidation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization and modulation of calcium signaling.
• Synonyms: Aminoethanesulfonic acid
• IUPAC Name: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid
• Canonical SMILES: C(CS(=O)(=O)O)N
• InChI: InChI=1S/C2H7NO3S/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-3H2,(H,4,5,6)
• InChI Key: XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• Melting Point: >300 °C(lit.)
• Density: 1.00 g/mL at 20 °C
• Solubility: Soluble in water
• Appearance: Solid
• Storage: 2-8 °C
• Complexity: 120
• EC Number: 203-483-8
• Exact Mass: 125.01466426
• Hazard Codes: Xi
• HS Code: 2921199090
• LogP: 0.61400
• MDL Number: MFCD00008197
• Monoisotopic Mass: 125.01466426
• pH: 4.5-6.0 (0.5M, H₂O, 25°C)
• Physical State: Solid
• pKa: 1.5(at 25 °C)
• PSA: 88.77
• Refractive Index: 1.5130
• Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
• Storage Conditions: 2-8ºC
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 88.8 Ų
• WGK Germany: 2

Case Study

How Taurine Plays a Role in Inflammatory Diseases

Janusz Marcinkiewicz, et al. Amino acids, 2014, 46, 7-20.

Taurine is an abundant free amino acid in humans and plays crucial roles in bile acid conjugation, calcium homeostasis, osmoregulation, and membrane stabilization. Additionally, taurine has a potential role in inflammation and immune responses, particularly in rheumatoid arthritis.
Taurine links to inflammation and oxidative stress
· Taurine reaches high concentrations in tissues exposed to elevated levels of oxidants, suggesting its potential importance in inflammation associated with oxidative stress.
· At the site of inflammation, taurine reacts with hypochlorous acid generated by neutrophil myeloperoxidase, producing less toxic taurine chloramine (TauCl) with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
· Taurine may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases through its links to inflammation, neutrophils, myeloperoxidase, and oxidative stress.
· Taurine plays an essential role in cytoprotection and maintains cellular homeostasis in the presence of acute and chronic inflammatory/oxidative stress. It protects immune cells, including leukocytes, from oxidative stress and tissue damage.
· Most established antioxidant action of taurine includes neutralizing hypochlorous acid, leading to anti-inflammatory effects.

Protective Effect of Taurine Against Oxidative Stress

Baliou, Stella, et al. Molecular medicine reports, 2021, 24(2), 1-19.

Taurine is a cytoprotective molecule implicated in processes as diverse as energy production, neuromodulation, calcium homeostasis, and osmoregulation, all of which support its antioxidant properties. This work discusses the antioxidant properties of taurine and the underlying molecular mechanisms of its action in various pathological conditions related to oxidative stress. Some examples of diseases related to oxidative stress include hypertension, muscle/nerve related diseases, cirrhosis, heart dysfunction, etc.
Molecular mechanism of taurine against oxidative stress
· A decline in respiration slows electron flux along the respiratory chain and promotes the diversion of electrons to oxygen to form superoxide. Excessive superoxide generation overwhelms cellular antioxidants, thereby causing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress in turn causes cellular damage and results in more reactive oxygen species being produced; a vicious cycle that contributes to a progressive decline in cellular function.
· Taurine reverses all the adverse effects of excessive oxidative stress through various mechanisms, including:
(1) Upregulation of UUG decoding (5-taurine methyluridine tRNA);
(2) Downregulation of H2O2 or 02- or ·OH or NO;
(3) Downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediator expression;
(4) Upregulation of fatty acid oxidation;
(5) Downregulation of activation of MAPK cascade;
(6) Upregulation of membrane stabilization.

Taurine Used to Alleviate Intestinal Injury Induced by Deoxynivalenol Contamination through Mitochondrial Restoration

Ji X, et al. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2025, 292, 117938.

This study explores the protective effects of taurine on Deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced intestinal damage in a piglet model, revealing its ability to restore mitochondrial function. Taurine supplementation (0.3% and 0.6%) improved jejunal morphology, enhanced intestinal barrier integrity, and reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis within the intestinal epithelium. Notably, taurine facilitated mitochondrial restoration by enhancing respiratory chain activity, ATP levels, and mtDNA copy number, while modulating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α)-NRF1/2 axis-a critical pathway for mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Taurine's antioxidant properties and ability to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines further underscore its application as a therapeutic agent in mitigating gastrointestinal damage induced by DON contamination.

Taurine Used for Inhibiting Chondrocyte Ferroptosis and Protecting Cartilage Degeneration in Osteoarthritis

Zhou X, et al. Journal of Advanced Research, 2025.

In a recent study, taurine was found to protect against cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) through its modulation of O-GlcNAcylation and ferroptosis in chondrocytes. The functional mechanism involves taurine's upregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which facilitates the O-GlcNAcylation of Gpx4, a key protein involved in the regulation of ferroptosis. By preventing the ubiquitinated degradation of Gpx4, taurine stabilizes its expression and inhibits ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death contributing to inflammatory damage in OA. Taurine's ability to modulate these molecular pathways highlights its therapeutic potential as a non-essential amino acid with anti-inflammatory properties.

Taurine Used to Alleviate Retinal Damage Induced by Acute Ocular Hypertension through the Unfolded Protein Response Pathway

Lu W, et al. Experimental Eye Research, 2025, 251, 110222.

This study investigates the protective effects of taurine on retinal cells during acute ocular hypertension (AOH)-induced damage in a mouse model. Taurine, administered via intravitreal injection, significantly alleviated retinal damage by modulating the expression of GTP binding protein 3 (GTPBP3) and mitigating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as demonstrated in both in vivo and in vitro models. The study found that taurine pretreatment reversed the reduction in GTPBP3 levels caused by AOH injury, which in turn restored retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function. In vitro experiments with the R28 cell line revealed that taurine pretreatment also reduced the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced damage. These results highlight taurine's potential as a therapeutic agent for AOH damage, acting through the UPR pathway and modulating GTPBP3 expression. This mechanism could serve as a novel target for intervention in retinal diseases associated with acute ocular hypertension.

Taurine Used for Promoting Osteogenesis and Alleviating Radiation-Induced Injury in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Chen H, et al. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2024, 225, 805-820.

In the context of radiation-induced damage, taurine has shown significant promise in promoting osteogenesis and mitigating oxidative stress in bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). Ionizing radiation, a common treatment for head and neck cancers, activates taurine and hypotaurine metabolism in irradiated stromal cells, leading to enhanced taurine uptake in BMSCs. Studies indicate that taurine supplementation alleviates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and reduces DNA damage in irradiated BMSCs, promoting their survival and osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, taurine administration in irradiated animal models improves the survival rate and enhances osteogenesis in irradiated jaws, suggesting its potential as a non-invasive therapeutic option for osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ). This highlights taurine's functional application in combating radiation-induced bone damage, supporting its role as an effective agent in preserving bone regeneration and offering a promising strategy for recovery from radiation-induced injuries.

Custom Reviews

July 12, 2024

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Essential Amino Acid for Science Research
As a customer in the science research field, I highly recommend Taurine from Alfa Chemistry for its essential role in biological processes. I found Taurine to be incredibly useful in my research, particularly in studying its antioxidation properties and its modulation of calcium signaling. The product was easy to use in experiments and provided reliable results. Overall, Taurine proved to be a valuable tool in advancing my research in the field.

Synthetic Use

Upstream Synthesis Route 1

• 926-39-6

• 107-35-7

Reference: [1]Patent: US2015/183731,2015,A1 .Location in patent: Paragraph 0051; 0052; 0053

Upstream Synthesis Route 2

• 498-40-8

• 107-35-7

Reference: [1]Rumpf
[Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, 1937, vol. 204, p. 593][Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France, 1938, vol. <5>5, p. 884]
Rumpf
[Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France, 1938, vol. <5>5, p. 871,875]
[2]Grue-Sorensen, Gunnar; White, Robert L.; Spenser, Ian D.
[Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1986, vol. 108, # 1, p. 146 - 158]

Downstream Synthesis Route 1

• 85-44-9
• 107-35-7

• 4403-36-5

Reference: [1] Patent: US6313312, 2001, B1,

Downstream Synthesis Route 2

• 107-35-7
• 196505-69-8

• 516-35-8

Reference: [1] Patent: CN102718829, 2016, B, . Location in patent: Paragraph 0033-0041

Downstream Synthesis Route 3

• 107-35-7
• 128-13-2

• 516-35-8

Reference: [1] Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 1996, vol. 4, # 6, p. 885 - 890

Downstream Synthesis Route 4

• 107-35-7

• 107-36-8

Reference: [1]Biochemical Journal,1949,vol. 45,p. 557

* For details of the synthesis route, please refer to the original source to ensure accuracy.