149-11-1 Purity
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Specification
This work reported a designed and broadly applicable Pd-catalyzed method for the preparation of phenols using benzaldehyde oxime as a hydroxide surrogate. This method addresses the shortcomings of previous hydroxylation reactions by avoiding strong basic conditions and avoiding Ar-Pd-OH species as catalytic intermediates.
Based on the results of high-throughput experiments, the most promising lead compounds were investigated: two bases (Cs2CO3, K3PO4), two solvents (DMF, 2-MeTHF), and 24 Pd G3 precatalysts (including tBuBrettPhos Pd G3).
The generality of the reaction was explored, including the intrinsic properties of aryl halides, tolerance to common functional groups, and the ability to couple aryl bromides and aryl chlorides. The results show that the reaction generates phenol products in high yields in the presence of esters, ketones, aldehydes, nitriles, and common heterocycles. Using RockPhos as the ligand, ortho-alkyl-substituted aryl halides were coupled in moderate yields (65%), but using the smaller tBuBrettPhos ligand instead, 2-bromotoluene was coupled in 88% yield.
P2Et phosphazene is a non-nucleophilic organic superbase that can be used in combination with tBuXPhos or tBuBrettPhos G3 precatalysts for a variety of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, including C-C, C-N, and C-O couplings of aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides at room temperature.
The relative reactivity of different aryl electrophiles with the P2Et base was assessed by testing 3-pyridyl bromide, chlorine, and iodine with seven representative nucleophiles. All electrophilic coupling partners achieved complete conversion and high yields with each nucleophile in either DMSO or tert-amyl alcohol, utilizing 1 to 5 mol % of catalyst (tBuXPhos, tBuBrettPhos Pd G3). The P2Et system represents the first non-nucleophilic, soluble coupling conditions at ambient temperature for most nucleophile couplings described in this study, which could significantly impact complex synthetic applications, including natural product synthesis and drug discovery.
The P2Et system was also evaluated for its promise to be mild enough to hydroxylate heteroaryl bromide 13 in the presence of alkyl and aryl esters. Indeed, the desired hydroxypyridine 18 was formed cleanly without contact with the ester.
The molecular formula of tBuBrettPhos Pd G3 is C44H63NO5PPdS.
tBuBrettPhos Pd G3 was created on March 1, 2015.
The molecular weight of tBuBrettPhos Pd G3 is 855.4 g/mol.
The component compounds of tBuBrettPhos Pd G3 include Methanesulfonic Acid, 2-Aminobiphenyl, Palladium, and Di-tert-butyl(2',4',6'-triisopropyl-3,6-dimethoxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)phosphine.
The IUPAC name of tBuBrettPhos Pd G3 is ditert-butyl-[3,6-dimethoxy-2-[2,4,6-tri(propan-2-yl)phenyl]phenyl]phosphane;methanesulfonic acid;palladium;2-phenylaniline.
The InChI key of tBuBrettPhos Pd G3 is VKLHIPFGYVFUGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N.
The Canonical SMILES of tBuBrettPhos Pd G3 is CC(C)C1=CC(=C(C(=C1)C(C)C)C2=C(C=CC(=C2P(C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)OC)OC)C(C)C.CS(=O)(=O)O.C1=CC=C([C-]=C1)C2=CC=CC=C2N.[Pd].
The CAS number of tBuBrettPhos Pd G3 is 1536473-72-9.
tBuBrettPhos Pd G3 has 7 hydrogen bond acceptor counts.
The topological polar surface area of tBuBrettPhos Pd G3 is 107 Ų.