Glycerol ethoxylate

• CAS: 31694-55-0
• Catalog Number: ACM31694550
• Category: Main Products
• Molecular Weight: average Mn ~1000; degree of polymerization 20.4
• Molecular Formula: C9H20O6
• Description: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) compounds contain a polyether unit, commonly expressed as R1-(O-CH2-CH2)n-O-R2. They are generally biocompatible, non-toxic and stable in both organic and aqueous solutions, and so are extensively used in biological applications, as well as nanotechnology and materials research. Proteins with PEG chain modifications and compounds encapsulated in PEG liposomes exhibit a longer half-life in vivo than their non-PEGylated counterparts, a phenomenon known as PEG shielding. Functionalised PEG lipids and phospholipids can be used for protein-PEG conjugation.
• IUPAC Name: 2-[2,3-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)propoxy]ethanol
• Canonical SMILES: C(COCC(COCCO)OCCO)O
• InChI: 1S/C9H20O6/c10-1-4-13-7-9(15-6-3-12)8-14-5-2-11/h9-12H,1-8H2
• InChI Key: UCYLROVJSUACAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• Boiling Point: >200 °C (lit.)
• Flash Point: >110 °C
• Density: 1.138 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
• Application: Activated PEG derivatives can be used to modify peptides, proteins, or in other bioconjugation applications. PEGylated materials have found broad use in drug delivery systems, virology, and immunology, as the incorporation of PEG improves pharmacological properties such as increased water solubility, enhanced resistance to degradation (protein hydrolysis), increased circulation half-life, and reduced antigenicity. In addition to PEGylation, activated PEG derivatives can also be used to form networks for tissue engineering or drug delivery applications, depending on the architecture and reactivity.
• Complexity: 111
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
• EC Number: 500-075-4;244-250-0
• Exact Mass: 224.125988g/mol
• Features And Benefits: 1. High quality products; 2. Fast delivery; 3. Additional products can be ordered, please contact us for details
• Formal Charge: 0
• H-Bond Acceptor: 6
• H-Bond Donor: 3
• Heavy Atom Count: 15
• MDL Number: MFCD00217407
• Monoisotopic Mass: 224.125988g/mol
• NACRES: NA.23
• Packaging: Packaging; 250 mL in poly bottle
• Quality Level: 200
• Refractive Index: n20/D 1.473 (lit.)
• Rotatable Bond Count: 11
• UNII: MHY4NJW64H
• XLogP3: -2.2

Case Study

Study of glycerol ethoxylate as an ignition improver

Munsin, R., et al. Energy Conversion and Management 98 (2015): 282-289.

Glycerol ethoxylate as an ignition improver has an effect on the injection and combustion characteristics of hydrous ethanol under CI engine conditions. The injection characteristics were investigated by an in-house injection rate measurement device based on the Zeuch method, while spray combustion was performed in a rapid compression expander (RCEM). The CI engine conditions represent the density, pressure and temperature of compressed synthetic gas (composed of 80% argon and 20% oxygen) and the fuel injection timing in the RCEM at 21 kg/m, 4.4 MPa and 900 K, respectively. This condition is equivalent to the isentropic compression of air in a real CI engine with a compression ratio of 22. Hydrous ethanol without ignition improver and heavy-duty vehicle ethanol are reference fuels representing low-quality and high-quality ethanol fuels for CI engines, respectively. All test fuels were injected at a constant heat input. The results show that the additional ignition improver changes the injection characteristics of hydrous ethanol, namely injection delay, injection rate and emission coefficient. The maximum injection rate of heavy-duty vehicle ethanol and hydrous ethanol with 5% glycerol ethoxylate (5%GE) at fully opened needle was about 10% lower than that of hydrous ethanol without ignition improver (Eh95). ED95 and 5%GE required additional injection duration to maintain constant energy input. Ignition improvers significantly improved the ignition delay and heat release rate of Eh95. The effect of ignition improvers on flame temperature was minimal. The KL factor was approximately proportional to the amount of soot in the light path, and the measured soot emission was affected by these improvers.
The effect of ignition improvers on combustion characteristics was focused on, and the important parameters affecting ignition and combustion, namely, in-cylinder gas temperature and pressure at injection, nozzle orifice, oxygen concentration, and injection pressure were fixed. Glycerol ethoxylate and commercial additive ED95 were used as ignition improvers. The three fuels considered in this study are hydrous ethanol without ignition improvers (Eh95); commercial ethanol fuel (ED95) consisting of hydrous ethanol and commercial additives for ED95; and hydrous ethanol containing 5 wt% glycerol ethoxylate (5% GE). The composition of ED95 in Table 1 is expressed as mass fraction. With this mass composition, ED95 becomes 95% hydrous ethanol and 5% commercial additives by volume. For Eh95, 1% by weight of lauric acid is added to hydrous ethanol to prevent injection system lubrication failure. However, lauric acid is not added to ED95 because it already contains lubricants in commercial additives. Eh95 and ED95 are used to represent ethanol fuels with low ignition quality fuels and high ignition quality fuels for CI engines.

Glycerol ethoxylate as a modern plasticizer for starch films

Żołek-Tryznowska, Zuzanna, and Łukasz Cichy. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. 2018.

In order to modify the properties of starch films, various plasticizers are added. Water and glycerol are usually used as plasticizers. Starch films were obtained from potato starch by the casting technique using glycerol derivatives as modern plasticizers, resulting in films of constant thickness and length of 20 cm. The influence of the ratio of various plasticizers: glycerol, pentaerythritol ethoxylate, glycerol ethoxylate and Poligliceryn-3 on the mechanical properties and surface free energy was studied. The selected plasticizers are characterized by a high number of functional groups hydroxyl groups. Starch films containing the plasticizer mixture show better usable properties and higher mechanical properties than starch films using only one plasticizer. However, glycerol derivatives cannot be used without the addition of glycerol. In addition, the surface free energy was determined by the OwensWendt and van Oss-Chaudhury-Good methods. The values of SFE were in the range of 50-60 mJ/man, which are higher than those of typical plastic films used in the packaging industry. The resulting starch film is characterized by a high SFE polar component, which may be related to the influence of hydroxyl groups.
A certain amount of glycerol or glycerol derivatives such as Glycerol ethoxylate was added to a solution of 4 g starch in 100 g water. Next, the film-forming suspension was heated and continuously mixed to above 95 °C for 5 minutes and then cooled to 50 °C to obtain a film-forming solution. The film-forming solution was cast on a polytetrafluoroethylene-coated plate, which was placed on an applicator equipped with an applicator with a gap of 3 mm. The film was dried at room temperature and humidity 30% RH. The contact angle of the resulting film was measured using a DSA 30E drop shape analysis system. To measure the contact angle, a smooth and horizontal sessile drop of the liquid was deposited on a solid surface using a needle with a diameter of 0.5 mm. The contact angle was measured on a static drop. The drop shape analysis was performed using the tangent method 2 after 15 seconds of drop deposition. The environmental conditions were stable and the temperature was 23 ± 0.5 °C. The reported contact angle values are the average of 6 probes on two films. SFE was calculated using the Owens-Wendt and van-OssyGood methods.

Determination of Glycerol Ethoxylate by LC-Q-TOF MS Combination Techniques

Bai, Ruifeng, et al. Chinese Chemical Letters 32.10 (2021): 3237-3240.

To help elucidate the causes of adverse effects and potentially improve the safety of polyoxyethylene glycerol ricinoleate (PGR)-based drug delivery vehicles, separate but related analytical methods were developed to quantify CrEL and its major metabolites glycerol ethoxylate (GE) and ricinoleic acid (RA). Since CrEL and GE are highly dispersed polymer mixtures that are not amenable to analysis by conventional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), they were analyzed separately using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF MS) combined with product ion data acquisition of MS and sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragments mass spectra (SWATH MS). The selection of specific fragment ions of CrEL, GE, RA and their internal standards allowed for the precise quantification of such a complex system of analytes in rat plasma with a single and simple sample preparation method. The assay combination provides an effective application for studying the causes of allergic reactions to PGRs and has the potential to improve their safety when used as carriers in pharmaceutical formulations.
Quantification of CrEL, glycerol ethoxylate (GE) and ricinoleic acid (RA) was performed using MS, SWATH MS and product ion mode, respectively. The corresponding internal standards were quantified using TOF MS, SWATH MS and product ion mode, respectively. In vitro CrEL metabolism in plasma was studied in 5 replicates in an incubation mixture containing 100 mmol/L PBS, pH 7.4, 1 mg/mL CrEL and 10 vol% fresh rat plasma (final volume 0.2 mL). Control samples contained heat-inactivated rat plasma (5 replicates). Reactions were initiated by the addition of plasma and incubated for 5 min at 37°C with shaking at 500 rpm. Reactions were terminated by the addition of 2 volumes of ice-cold acetonitrile, mixed under vortexing for 30 s and centrifuged at 16,000 g for 3 min. Finally, the supernatant was diluted 10-fold with 10 vol% acetonitrile-water and injected into the LC-Q-TOF MS system.

Glycerol ethoxylates improve properties of plastic films

Żołek-Tryznowska, Zuzanna, Joanna Izdebska, and Mariusz Tryznowski. Progress in organic coatings 78 (2015): 334-339.

The effects of polyglycerols on selected properties of water-based printing inks and overprints of water-based flexographic printing inks were investigated. The modified flexographic inks were laboratory printed on polyethylene plastic films. The effects of small amounts of various commercially available polyglycerols on the color of the printed inks were examined, including optical density, color value (CIELAB) and total color difference E in the full tonal area and gloss of the dried ink films. The dry and wet abrasion resistance of the overprinted samples were investigated. Overall, the addition of polyglycerols improved the wet and rub resistance of water-based flexographic printing inks with an acceptable total color difference E. The optical density and gloss of those printing inks containing polyglycerols increased compared to the original printing inks. The small addition of glycerol ethoxylates in water-based printing inks improves the wettability of plastic films as well as the dry and wet rub resistance.
The ethoxylated glycerols, propoxylated glycerols and polypropylene glycol triols were further purified by subjecting them to a very low pressure of 5 × 10^-3 at a temperature of 30°C for about 6 hours. In this work, polyethylene plastic film (PE) was used because the ink adheres very well to the substrate after drying and PE film is very popular in flexographic printing. Calculated weight of glycerol was added dropwise to pure printing ink. The mass fraction of glycerol in the printing ink was 0.01, and the addition of 0.01 of hyperbranched polyester achieved the best printing quality. Then, the ink was stirred at 1800 rpm for 30 minutes using a mechanical stirrer as a disperser. Laboratory printing was performed using the device. Printing was performed according to the following settings: printing speed was 60 m/min; pressure between the anilox roller and the plate cylinder was 75 units; pressure between the plate cylinder and the impression cylinder was 75 units. The impression and plate cylinder pressures are related to the thickness of the substrate and its distance from the plate. When this value increases, the pressure decreases. The printing plate was made of a photopolymer prepared by a digital laser photochemical method, with dimensions of 260 mm × 90 mm and a thickness of 1.7 mm. The cell volume of the engraved ceramic anilox roller was 6 cm/m. The density of the anilox cylinder was 160 lines/cm. Printing was performed under controlled environmental conditions (23°C and 50% RH).

Custom Q&A

What is the IUPAC name of Glycerol ethoxylate?

The IUPAC name of Glycerol ethoxylate is 2-[2,3-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)propoxy]ethanol.

What is the molecular weight of Glycerol ethoxylate?

The molecular weight of Glycerol ethoxylate is average Mn ~1000.

How is Glycerol ethoxylate commonly expressed in chemical structure?

Glycerol ethoxylate is commonly expressed as R1-(O-CH2-CH2)n-O-R2, where n represents the number of ethylene glycol units.

What is the boiling point of Glycerol ethoxylate?

The boiling point of Glycerol ethoxylate is greater than 200 °C.

How is PEG (Polyethylene glycol) commonly described in terms of biocompatibility and toxicity?

PEG compounds are generally described as biocompatible, non-toxic, and stable in both organic and aqueous solutions.

What is the application of activated PEG derivatives like Glycerol ethoxylate?

Activated PEG derivatives can be used to modify peptides, proteins, or in other bioconjugation applications.

How can PEGylation improve pharmacological properties?

PEGylation can improve properties such as increased water solubility, enhanced resistance to degradation, increased circulation half-life, and reduced antigenicity.

What are some features and benefits of Glycerol ethoxylate?

Some features and benefits of Glycerol ethoxylate include high quality products, fast delivery, and the option to order additional products.

What are some potential applications of functionalized PEG lipids and phospholipids?

Functionalized PEG lipids and phospholipids can be used for protein-PEG conjugation, drug delivery systems, virology, immunology, and in tissue engineering applications.

What is the EC (European Community) number of Glycerol ethoxylate?

The EC number of Glycerol ethoxylate is 500-075-4; 244-250-0.