123333-94-8 Purity
93%+
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Specification
This work studies the deposition and decomposition of cyclopentadienyl-allyl palladium (Cp-(allyl)Pd) on palladium substrates by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Using a deposition system with chemically inert walls, it is possible to deposit multilayers of the intact precursor onto solid substrates.
· At 161 K, the molecules in the multilayer exhibit a random orientation. Upon reaching the desorption temperature of the multilayer, a thin layer of chemically modified precursor molecules remains.
· Experimental findings show that even at 170 K, the Cp(allyl)Pd precursor undergoes chemical modifications upon contact with a clean palladium metal surface.
· Analysis of NEXAFS data indicates that the initial stage of the decomposition reaction involves a strong interaction between the allyl ligand and the palladium substrate, followed by the removal of Pd-Cp resulting in the transition from Pd(II) to Pd(0).
· Subsequent heating to 235 K leads to the reduction of palladium in the precursor to Pd(0), suggesting direct interaction between the palladium atoms in the precursor and the palladium substrate. Changes in the NEXAFS data at this temperature also suggest alterations in the structure of the Cp-ligand.
· The lack of significant dichroism in the NEXAFS data implies that the ligands do not simply transfer to the palladium substrate but are chemically modified and interact with other ligands and precursor molecules upon further heating.
The combination of Pd(π-allyl)Cp and PPh3 produces a highly efficient catalyst for the formation of alkyliodo indoles from o-amino iodobenzenes and both aromatic and aliphatic alkynes. In this catalytic system, the Pd(π-allyl)Cp precatalyst together with PPh3 and LiOtBu as a base facilitates the synthesis.
Typical procedure for the preparation of alkyliodo indoles
· In an atmosphere of nitrogen, a solution of Pd(π-allyl)(Cp) (5 mol %), PPh3 (10 mol %), and LiOt Bu (0.36 mmol) in 2 mL cyclohexane was prepared.
· After stirring at room temperature for 5 minutes, 1 (0.3 mmol) and alkyne (0.36 mmol) were added under nitrogen.
· The reaction mixture was then heated to 130 °C and stirred for 12 hours for aliphatic alkynes or 48 hours for aromatic alkynes.
· Upon cooling to room temperature, the mixture was quenched with water, extracted with Et2O, and the organic layer was washed with brine, followed by drying over MgSO4.
· The solvent was evaporated under vacuum, and the resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (10:1) eluent system to obtain the final products (2a~2g).